1. During discussion make sure that you speak at least five or six times,
contributing meaningfully towards discussion. The initial impression
your appearance makes is immediately confirmed or contradicted by your
voice and words.
2. Put your views persuasively, unobtrusively and modulate
your voice accordingly.
3. Be courteous, clear and appear confident to command
respect.
4. Have a good attitude. A person with a positive attitude
can direct his thoughts; control his emotions and regulate his attitudes.
5. Better to concentrate on one or two ideas at a time
to avoid confusion in your development of thought.
6. Words are the vehicle of thought. Pay attention
to what others are saying otherwise you may end up making statements
that are irrelevant, and you will be labeled as inconsistent as well.
Therefore, listen effectively. Try to encourage others without acting
impatient. Simply nod and say 'I see', or other positive listening words.
7. When your views are challenged you must be able
to defend your statement tactfully and convincingly. Be alert and show
interest in what others are saying. Analyze your strong points and substantiate
them by examples, statistical data to throw light on the topic. Concentrate
on what
you want to say and how you want to say. Present your points in a logical
order to make them interesting.
8. Try to set a good beginning and equally a good ending.
9. Be natural, friendly and cheerful. Friendliness
is something of a bonus. Remember you have come to win friends, not
to make foes.
10. Speak to the whole group looking at each candidate
in turn. Effective eye contact is an important feedback device that
makes the speaking situation a two-way communication process. Eye contact
binds a speaker with his audience. The adage that 'eyes are the mirrors
of your soul'
underlines the need for you to convince people with your eyes as well
as your words. When you speak, your eyes also function as a control
device. You can use it to assure your listeners' attentiveness and concentration.
Point out 'you are about to finish' - it helps. And do finish with
something that group will remember.
Don'ts
1. Resist annoying mannerism. Fidgeting, scratching, picking, shuffling,
avoiding eye contact. These are nervous traits. Avoid using filler words
like: you know, um etc.
2. Don't jump upon conclusion to make sweeping generalization.
For example, 'frailty thy name is woman' - Shakespeare
3. If you are not comfortable with witty comment avoid
it.
4. Don't interrupt others while they are making some
points.
5. Don't scream and use curse words, slang etc.
6. Don't mumble and talk too softly. Similarly, a wailing
or whining voice has an instant depressing effect on others.
7. Don't speak just for the sake of speaking. Avoid
making statements that do not add value to the discussion.
8. Don't say: 'You are wrong/ you are being unfair/
I don't like your ideas.' Rather refine your argument with:
I understand what you mean and I think
.....................
I respect your opinion and I feel
.......................
I agree with you and I want to add
.........................
9. Don't ramble on and on. Remember quality of the
content is more important than the quantity of time you take to speak.
10. Avoid gesturing unnecessarily. You need to be different
from others but not in a negative manner.
11. Refrain from using polite fillers: could you please,
if you don't mind etc. They are waste of time.
12. Don't pack up early.
Back To Top
Eight Tips to Managing a Group Discussion
Many people become uneasy at the thought of leading
a meeting or a group discussion. What if nobody talks? What if someone
talks too much? Here are eight tips to guiding a fruitful discussion:
1. Watch who you watch. When someone else is talking,
look at the other people in the room instead of at the speaker. This
creates a feeling of greater inclusiveness.
2. Don't respond to every statement. Wait for others
in the group to comments. If no one does, ask, "Are there any reactions
to that?"
3. Keep control. If somebody talks too long, cut him
or her off with: "I think I'm losing track of the point you're
making. Can you state it in 20 words or less?"
4. Step off center. If you're running the meeting from
a stage or podium, you can encourage interaction by identifying a topic,
asking a question and then moving away from the center of the stage.
5. Let others answer questions. When someone directs
a question to you, redirect it back to the group: "Before I answer
that, let's see what someone else might say."
6. Think "I," not "we." Encourage
people to take ownership of their thoughts and opinions. If someone
says "We all think that...." ask if literally everyone in
the room believes that or if it's just the speaker's personal opinion.
7. Use a flipchart to track progress. When you record
ideas generated or topics covered, people in the meeting will have a
sense of accomplishing something.
8. Summarize. Every so often, pause to ask the group,
"Where are we at this point? Where do we need to go from here?"
Back To Top
More Tips on Group Discussion
More Tips on Group Discussion
A group discussion is a simulated exercise, where you
cannot suddenly put up a show, since the evaluators will see through
you easily. The purpose of the article is to sensitise you to these
issues so that you can develop yourself with time.
Here in this page you can find tips on tips on group
discussion, How to handle group discussions, Winner's skills for Group
discussion, Leadership skills, Communication skills, Interpersonal skills,
Persuasive skills, Problem solving skills, and Conceptualizing skills
In order to succeed at any unstructured group discussion,
you must define what your objective in the group is. A good definition
of your objective is - to be seen to have contributed meaningfully in
an attempt to achieve the right consensus. The key words in this definition
are 'seen', 'meaningfully', and 'attempt'.
Let us understand what each of these imply in terms
of action points:
The first implication is that merely making a meaningful
contribution in an attempt to achieve consensus is not enough. You have
to be seen by the evaluator to have made a meaningful contribution in
an attempt to build the right consensus. In other words you must ensure
that the group hears you. If the group hears you so will the evaluator.
You must get at least some airtime. If you are not a very assertive
person you will have to simply learn to be assertive for those 15 minutes.
If you get cowed down easily in an aggressive group, you can say goodbye
to
the business school admission.
Many group discussion participants often complain
that they did not get a chance to speak. The fact of the matter is that
in no group discussion do you get a chance to speak. You have to make
your chances.
The second important implication is that making just
any sort of contribution is not enough. Your contribution has to be
meaningful. A meaningful contribution suggests that you have a good
knowledge base, are able to structure arguments logically and are a
good communicator. These are qualities that are desired by all evaluators.
Many group discussion participants feel that the way to succeed in a
group discussion is by speaking frequently, for a long time and loudly.
This is not true. The quality of what you say is more important than
the quantity. Don't be demoralized if you feel you have not spoken enough.
If you have spoken sense and have been heard, even if only for a short
time, it is usually good enough. You must have substance in your arguments.
Therefore, think things through carefully. Always enter the room with
a piece of paper and a pen. In the first two minutes jot downas many
ideas as you can. It pays to think laterally. Everybody else will state
the obvious. Can you state something different? Can you take the group
ahead if it is stuck at one point? Can you take it in a fresh and more
relevant direction? You may like to dissect the topic and go into the
underlying causes or into the results.
One way of deciding what sort of contribution is meaningful
at what point of time is to follow two simple rules.
First, in times of chaos a person who restores order
to the group is appreciated. Your level of participation in a fish market
kind of scenario can be low, but your degree of influence must never
be low. In other words you must make positive contributions every time
you speak and not speak for the sake of speaking. The second rule is
applicable when the group is floundering. In this situation a person
who provides a fresh direction to the group is given credit.
The third implication is that you must be clearly seen
to be attempting to build a consensus. Nobody expects a group of ten
people, all with different points of view on a controversial subject
to actually achieve a consensus. But did you make the attempt to build
a consensus? The reason why an attempt to build a consensus is important
is because in most work situations you will have to work with people
in a team, accept joint responsibilities and take decisions as a group.
You mustdemonstrate the fact that you are capable and inclined to work
as part of a team.
What are the ways that you can try to build consensus?
Firstly, you don't just talk. You also listen. You
must realize that other people also may have valid points to make. You
should not only try to persuade other people to your point of view,
but also come across as a person who has an open mind and appreciates
the valid points of others.
You must try and resolve contradictions and arguments
of others in the group. You must synthesize arguments and try and achieve
a unified position in the group. Try to think of the various arguments
of your's and others' as parts of a jigsaw puzzle or as building blocks
of a larger argument for or against the topic. Try and lay down the
boundaries or the area of the discussion at the beginning. Discuss what
the group should discuss before actually beginning your discussion.
This will at least ensure that everyone is talking about the same thing.
Try and summarize the discussion at the end. In the
summary do not merely restate your point of view; also accommodate dissenting
viewpoints. If the group did not reach a consensus, say so in your summary.
You must carry people with you. So do not get emotional, shout, invade
other people's private space. Do not bang your fist on the table except
in extreme circumstances.
If you have spoken and you notice that someone else
has tried to enter the discussion on a number of occasions and has not
had the chance to do so maybe you could give him a chance the next time
he tries. But do not offer a chance to anyone who is not trying to speak.
He may not have anything to say at that point and you will just end
up looking foolish.
The surest way of antagonizing others in the group
discussion as well as the examiner is to appoint yourself as a de facto
chairperson of the group. Do not try to impose a system whereby everyone
gets a chance to speak in turn. A group discussion is meant to be a
free flowing discussion. Let it proceed naturally. Do not ever try to
take a vote on the topic. A vote is no substitute for discussion.
Do not address only one or two persons when speaking.
Maintain eye contact with as many members of the group as possible.
This will involve others in what you are saying and increase your chances
of carrying them with you. Do this even if you are answering a specific
point raised by one person.
One last point. You must not agree with another participant
in the group merely for the sake of achieving consensus. If you disagree,
say so. You are not there to attempt to build just any consensus. You
have to attempt to build the right consensus.
Is it wise to take a strong stand either in favour
or against the topic right at the start of a Group Discussion ? In theory
yes. If you believe in something why should't you say so? If we are
convinced about something our natural response is to say so emphatically.
However in practice what is likely to happen if you
take a very strong and dogged stance right at the beginning of the interview
is that you will antagonise the people in the group who disagree with
you and will be unable to carry them with you and convince them of the
validity of your argument. We therefore recommend that after you hear
the topic you think about it for a minute with an open mind and note
down the major issues that come to your mind. Don't jump to any conclusions.
Instead arrive at a stand in your own mind after examining all the issues
in a balanced manner. Only then begin to speak. And when you do sooutline
the major issues first and only then state your stand. In other words
give the justification first and the stand later. If you were to state
your stand first, chances are that the others in the group who disagree
with your stand will interrupt to contradict you before you can elaborate
on the reasons why you have taken that stance. In this situation the
evaluator will only get an impression of what you think and not
how you think.
Remember you are being evaluated on how you think
and not what you think.
Is it a good strategy to try and be the first speaker
on the topic in a group discussion?
In most group discussion's the opening speaker is
the person who is likely to get the maximum uninterrupted airtime. The
reason is simple - at the start most other participants in the group
discussion are still trying to understand the basic issues in the topic,
or are too nervous to speak and are waiting for someone else to start.
Therefore the evaluators get the best chance to observe the opening
speaker. Now this is a double edged sword. If the opening speaker talks
sense naturally he will get credit because he opened and took the group
in the right direction. If on the other hand the first speaker doesn't
have too much sense to say, he will attract the undivided attention
of the evaluators to his shortcomings. He will be marked as a person
who speaks without thinking merely for the sake of speaking. As someone
who leads the group in the wrong direction and does not make apositive
contribution to the group.
So remember, speaking first is a high risk high return strategy. It
can make or mar your group discussion performance depending how you
handle it. Speak first only if you have something sensible to say. Otherwise
keep quiet and let someone else start.
Group discussion tips
The Career Enrich team shares with you some tips to
give you the edge during your group discussion.
· Be as natural as possible. Do not try and
be someone you are not. Be yourself so the employer gets to know the
real you.
· A group discussion is your chance to be more
vocal. The point of interest to the evaluator is to hear you speak.
· Take time to think of what you are going to
say - if allowed, take a piece of paper and a pen with you and jot down
your thoughts, before verbalising them. This could help you create the
right framework for your discussion.
· If you have any doubts regarding the subject
or about what another team member has said, ask for clarification.
· Don't start speaking until you have clearly
understood and analysed the subject.
· Work out various strategies to help you make
an entry: initiate the discussion or agree with someone else's point
and then move onto express your views.
· Do not be swayed when you are told that opening
the discussion is the only way of gaining attention and recognition.
If you do not give valuable insights during the discussion, all your
efforts of initiating the discussion will be in vain.
· The score you receive depends not only on
your verbal communication, but also on non-verbal skills. Your body
language says a lot about you - your gestures and mannerisms are more
likely to reflect your attitude than what you say.
· Language skills are important only to the
effect as to how you get your points across clearly and fluently.
· Be assertive not dominating; try to maintain
a balanced tone in your discussion and analysis.
· Be patient; don't lose your cool if anyone
says anything you object to. The key is to stay objective: Don't take
the discussion personally.
· Always be polite: Try to avoid using extreme
phrases like: `I strongly object' or `I disagree'. Instead try phrases
like: `I would like to share my views on...' or `One difference between
your point and mine...'
· Brush up on your leadership skills; motivate
the other members of the team to speak, and listen to their views. Be
receptive to others' opinions and do not be abrasive or aggressive.
· If you have a group of like-minded friends,
you can have a mock group discussion where you can learn from each other
through giving and receiving feedback.
Apart from the above points, the panel will also judge
team members for their alertness and presence of mind, problem-solving
abilities, ability to work as a team without alienating certain members,
and creativity.
Don't be disheartened if you don't make it after your
first group discussion... the best possible preparation for a group
discussion is to learn from your past mistakes...
In a group discussion what should my objectives be
and how should I achieve them?
In order to succeed at any unstructured group discussion,
you must define what your objective in the group is. A good definition
of your objective is - to be seen to have contributed meaningfully in
an attempt to achieve the right consensus.
The key words in this definition are 'seen', 'meaningfully',
and 'attempt'. Let us understand what each of these imply in terms of
action points :
The first implication is that merely making a meaningful
contribution in an attempt to achieve consensus is not enough. You have
to be seen by the evaluator to have made a meaningful contribution in
an attempt to build the right consensus.
In other words you must ensure that you are heard by
the group. If the group hears you so will the evaluator. You must get
at least some airtime. If you are not a very assertive person you will
have to simply learn to be assertive for those 15 minutes. If you get
cowed down easily in an aggressive group, you can say goodbye to the
business school admission.
Many group discussion participants often complain that
they did not get a chance to speak. The fact of the matter is that in
no group discussion do you get a chance to speak. You have to make your
chances.
The second important implication is that making just
any sort of contribution is not enough. Your contribution has to be
meaningful.
A meaningful contribution suggests that you have a
good knowledge base, are able to structure arguments logically and are
a good communicator. These are qualities that are desired by all evaluators.
Many group discussion participants feel that the way
to succeed in a group discussion is by speaking frequently, for a long
time and loudly. This is not true. The quality of what you say is more
important than the quantity. Don't be demoralized if you feel you have
not spoken enough. If you have spoken sense and have been heard, even
if only for a short time, it is usually good enough. You must have substance
in your arguments. Therefore, think things through carefully.
Always enter the room with a piece of paper and a pen.
In the first two minutes jot down as many ideas as you can. It pays
to think laterally. Everybody else will state the obvious. Can you state
something different? Can you take the group ahead if it is stuck at
one point? Can you take it in a fresh and more relevant direction? You
may like to dissect the topic and go into the underlying causes or into
the results.
One way of deciding what sort of contribution is meaningful
at what point of time is to follow two simple rules. First, in times
of chaos a person who restores order to the group is appreciated. Your
level of participation in a fish market kind of scenario can be low,
but your degree of influence must never be low. In other words you must
make positive contributions every time you speak and not speak for the
sake of speaking. The second rule is applicable when the group is floundering.
In this situation a person who provides a fresh direction to the group
is given
credit.
The third implication is that you must be clearly seen
to be attempting to build a consensus. Nobody expects a group of ten
people, all with different points of view on a controversial subject
to actually achieve a consensus. But did you make the attempt to build
a consensus?
The reason why an attempt to build a consensus is important
is because in most work situations you will have to work with people
in a team, accept joint responsibilities and take decisions as a group.
You must demonstrate the fact that you are capable and inclined to work
as part of a team.
What are the ways that you can try to build consensus?
First, you must not just talk, you should also listen.
You must realize that other people also may have valid points to make.
You should not only try to persuade other people to your point of view,
but also come across as a person who has an open mind and appreciates
the valid points of others.
You must try and resolve contradictions and arguments
of others in the group. You must synthesize arguments and try and achieve
a unified position in the group. Try to think of the various arguments
of your's and others' as parts of a jigsaw puzzle or as building blocks
of a larger argument for or against the topic.
Try and lay down the boundaries or the area of the
discussion at the beginning. Discuss what the group should discuss before
actually beginning your discussion. This will at least ensure that everyone
is talking about the same thing.
Try and summarize the discussion at the end. In the
summary do not merely restate your point of view; also accommodate dissenting
viewpoints. If the group did not reach a consensus, say so in your summary.
You must carry people with you. So do not get emotional,
shout, invade other people's private space. Do not bang your fist on
the table except in extreme circumstances.
If you have spoken and you notice that someone else
has tried to enter the discussion on a number of occasions and has not
had the chance to do so maybe you could give him a chance the next time
he tries. But do not offer a chance to anyone who is not trying to speak.
He may not have anything to say at that point and you will just end
up looking foolish.
The surest way of antagonizing others in the group
discussion as well as the examiner is to appoint yourself as a de facto
chairperson of the group. Do not try to impose a system whereby everyone
gets a chance to speak in turn. A group discussion is meant to be a
free flowing discussion. Let it proceed naturally. Do not ever try to
take a vote on the topic. A vote is no substitute for discussion.
Do not address only one or two persons when speaking.
Maintain eye contact with as many members of the group as possible.
This will involve others in what you are saying and increase your chances
of carrying them with you. Do this even if you are answering a specific
point raised by one person.
One last point. You must not agree with another participant
in the group merely for the sake of achieving consensus. If you disagree,
say so. You are not there to attempt to build just any consensus. You
have to attempt to build the right consensus.
Is it wise to take a strong stand either in favour or against the topic
right at the start of a Group Discussion ?
In theory yes. If you believe something why shouldn't
you say so? If we are convinced about something our natural response
is to say so emphatically.
However in practice what is likely to happen if you
take a very strong and dogged stance right at the beginning of the interview
is that you will antagonise the people in the group who disagree with
you and will be unable to carry them with you and convince them of the
validity of your argument. We therefore recommend that after you hear
the topic you think about it for a minute with an open mind and note
down the major issues that come to your mind. Don't jump to any conclusions.
Instead arrive at a stand in your own mind after examining all the issues
in a balanced manner. Only then begin to speak. And when you do so outline
the major issues first and only then state your stand. In other words
give the justification first and the stand later. If you were to state
your stand first chances are that the others in the group who disagree
with your stand will interrupt to contradict you before you can elaborate
on the reasons why you have taken that stance. In this situation the
evaluator will only get an impression of what you think and not how
you think. Remember you are being evaluated on how you think and not
what you think.
Is it a good strategy to try and be the first speaker on the topic in
a group discussion?
In most group discussion's the opening speaker is the
person who is likely to get the maximum uninterrupted airtime. The reason
is simple - at the start most other participants in the group discussion
are still trying to understand the basic issues in the topic, or are
too nervous to speak and are waiting for someone else to start. Therefore
the evaluators get the best chance to observe the opening speaker. Now
this is a double edged sword. If the opening speaker talks sense naturally
he will get credit because he opened and took the group in the right
direction. If on the other hand the first speaker doesn't have too much
sense to say, he will attract the undivided attention of the evaluators
to his shortcomings. He will be marked as a person who speaks without
thinking merely for the sake of speaking. As someone who leads the group
in the wrong direction and does not make a positive contribution to
the group.
So remember speaking first is a high risk high return
strategy. It can make or mar your group discussion performance depending
how you handle it. Speak first only if you have something sensible to
say. Otherwise keep shut and let someone else start.
How to handle group discussions
Group discussions tell an employer how a prospective
employee can function in a team; whether the candidate is a leader;
and how the candidate is able to handle groups. Here, Ms. Hemamalini,
an HR practitioner, shares her views and experiences of group discussions
- both as a candidate and as an employer.
"Some years ago, I had applied to an MNC for a
job in their HR team. I was called to attend a group discussion. I was
part of an 8-member group, and found that most of the other group members
were from premier business schools, with a couple of years of experience
more than mine. In comparison I was only a fresher. As the discussion
began I soon realised that they seemed to go by the book, as far as
preparations for the discussion went!
Theoretically, the person who takes the lead in a group
discussion is supposed to have an edge over the others. However, I have
found that taking the lead and speaking first is a two-edged sword:
You can either be a fantastic success and win the confidence of the
group as well as the evaluating panel, or your attempt could make you
the laughing-stock of the group.
In this particular instance, two of the participants
were straining at the leash, and both wanted to begin first! One got
in ahead by a few seconds, but the second made up for his delay in volume.
As a result, there was utter chaos for a couple of minutes, with each
trying to out-shout the other. A few other members, realising what the
matter was, tried to join the fray. I was aghast but decided not to
add to the noise!
After a few minutes, when there was a pause, I asked:
`Now with all your support can we all get together to discuss the matter
at hand? Perhaps we could start by speaking in turn, so that everyone's
opinion can be heard?' The others looked blank for a moment, but realised
what they were doing and spoke one after the other! By not joining the
racket and by getting the group to follow some discipline, I was acknowledged
as the team leader. Later, I was told that my calm and sensible behaviour
had also impressed the evaluating panel. An unexpected outcome, as I
only wanted to get the discussion on track!
Another thing employers rely upon to learn more about
you is your body language. A candidate who appears professional (or
is not too overbearing) is more likely to be noticed favourably by the
panel. And, of course, language skills are vital. Speaking fluently
and clearly is an asset, but you must be able to organise your thoughts
before you speak. Your ability to conceptualise, throw new insights
into the discussion are being evaluated.
Be polite - it never hurts to say `Please' or `Exccuse
me' - and it creates a good impression! Avoid phrases like `I strongly
disagree' or `Definitely not'. As an employer, I am more impressed by
candidates who are able to lead subtly than by those who get their way
by being loud and abrasive. The candidate's knowledge of the field may
be sound, but a certain degree of maturity and wisdom are essential
to effectively implement any task.
In my experience, employers are more impressed by a
candidate whose analytical skills are sharp, who is focussed on the
matter at hand, and who is astute. Candidates who are receptive to others'
opinions, and whose own opinions are flexible enough to accommodate
someone else's suggestions, are more likely to make it to the interview
stage. I have found that being assertive without being aggressive is
an invaluable skill during group discussions.
While preparing for the group discussion, read as much
as you can - there are plenty of books and magazines that provide hints
on how to handle group discussions. But remember these books and magazines
are not any substitute for your common sense and even instinct. My own
personal experience only at the group discussion I mentioned earlier
reconfirms the same. .... While I made it to the interview stage, the
initiators of the discussion did not make it!
So as I wish you good luck I encourage each one of
you to be your natural self... for banking on your own various strengths
and common sense will surely help you do well."
Group discussion Winners' skills
Group discussion is an important dimension of the job
selection process. Any job requires employees to work with others for
effective functioning. Therefore, people skills are an important aspect
of any job. In today's context, the organisations are interested in
team players rather than individual contributors even if they are excellent
performers by themselves.
Employers during group discussion evaluate the candidates'
potential to be a leader and also his/her ability to work in teams.
Normally group discussions are used in the selection
process for management trainees and executive positions. Employers are
looking for candidates who have potential to be executives and to lead
teams of people.
Here's how most group discussions work:
· Normally groups of 8-10 candidates are formed
into a leaderless group, and are given a specific situation to analyse
and discuss within a given time limit.
· They may be given a case study and asked to
come out with a solution for a problem.
* They may be given a topic and are asked to discuss
on the same.
A panel, which normally comprises the functional and
HR executives of the company will observe and evaluate the members of
the group.
Here is a sample list of skills assessed during a group
discussion process:
· Leadership skills:
Ability to take leadership roles and be able to lead,
inspire and carry the team along to help them achieve group's objectives.
Example: To be able to initiate the group discussion,
or be able to guide the group especially when the discussion begins
losing relevance or try to encourage all members to participate in the
discussion.
· Communication skills:
The participating candidates will be assessed in terms
of clarity of thought, expression and aptness of language. One key aspect
is listening. It indicates a willingness to accommodate others views.
Example: To be able to use simple language and explain
concepts clearly so that it is easily understood by all.
· Interpersonal skills :
Is reflected in the ability of the individual to interact
with other members of the group in a brief situation. Emotional maturity
and balance promotes good interpersonal relationships. The person has
to be more people centric and less self-centered.
Example:To remain cool even when someone provokes you
by with personal comment, ability to remain objective, ability to empathise,
non-threatening and more of a team player.
· Persuasive skills :
In terms of ability to analyse and persuade others
to see the problem from multiple perspectives without hurting the group
members.
Example: While appreciating the other person's point
of view, should be able to effectively communicate your view without
obviously contradicting the other person's opinions.
· Problem solving skills:
Ability to come out with divergent and offbeat solutions
and uses one's own creativity.
Example: While thinking of solutions, don't be afraid
to think of novel solutions. This is a high- risk high-return strategy.
· Conceptualizing skills :
The ability to grasp the situation, take it from the
day to day mundane problem level and apply it to a macro level.
Example: At the end of the discussion, you could probably
summarize the findings in a few sentences that present the overall perspective.
